Public service broadcasting was one of the great 20th century social innovations in media. The aim of public service broadcasters (PSBs) was to seek to harness the new mass media towards social purposes. These included nation-building, mass education, strengthening the information base of democracies, and broadly-based cultural improvement, particularly in areas such as documentaries, news and current affairs and children’s programming.
Public service broadcasters have been major generators of social innovation. Social innovation refers to those forms of social and cultural value that are generated over and above commercial benefit to providers and the benefits to the users or audiences. Given that institutions that generate social innovation are often publicly funded, the tricky question is always to work out whether the less tangible social returns exceed the cost to taxpayers, and whether the value is maintained over time as cultural expectation and technological affordances change.
In the case of PSBs, three messages seem to come through. First, the key to the PSB model is not government funding per se – governments have funded broadcasters from Albania to Zimbabwe, with very mixed results – but the combination of public funding and a degree of independence and autonomy from the government of the day.
Second, a relationship with commercial broadcasters that is both complementary and competitive at some levels seems most conducive to innovation, as it forces PSBs to be more responsive to their audiences, and less inclined to adopt a ‘we know best’ mentality, while at the same time promoting their distinctiveness from the commercial sector.
Finally, the role played by Charter in making broadcasters such as the ABC and SBS accountable to Parliament is vital. Charters provide performance benchmarks that move the rationale for PSBs from market failure (providing what the commercial services don’t) to combining provision of specialist programming with the need to be innovative and responsive to community expectations.
The
Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE) recently called for public submissions into the future roles and responsibilities of the ABC and SBS as Australia’s national broadcasters. The DBCDE Review has been read at one level as a move by the Rudd government to draw a line under the ‘culture wars’ of the Howard years, where debates about perceived ideological bias were seen as permeating the relationship of government to the PSBs – especially the ABC – at all levels, from funding to Board appointments.
More generally, however, the Review of National Broadcasting is being undertaken at a time when the remit of public broadcasters worldwide is being looked at. In contrast to the 1990s, where much of the debate was about whether they are still needed as cable and satellite TV and the Internet lead us to a multi-channel universe, the debate is now about how best to reconfigure their mission in a media environment where users increasingly expect participation, interactivity, and content on demand from any digital media device at any time and place.
The ABC has been a national leader in the provision of online media, with its content-on-demand
iView service attracting massive traffic for TV over the Internet, but this comes at a cost. In contrast to radio and television, where the cost of reaching each additional consumer is zero to the broadcaster once infrastructure is in place, the cost in terms of network time and capacity for allowing existing content to be accessed online increase with a growing number of consumer. This is before any consideration is given to committing resources for developing Web-only media content. Public service broadcasters do not have online provision within their Charter obligations, and are funded to only a limited extent – and in the SBS’s case not at all – to provide it to Australians.
In a
submission that I co-authored with Stuart Cunningham, Axel Bruns and Jason Wilson for the Review of National Broadcasting, we propose that the ABC and SBS should be understood as public service media. This is not only an accommodation to the 21st century reality of media convergence, but it emphasizes how it is the services provided, rather than the delivery platforms on which they are carried, that is at the core of pubic support for the ABC and SBS today. It also indicates that the basis for supporting public service media is not simply that of market failure in a limited channel environment, but the capacity to promote innovative, engaging and inclusive Australian information and entertainment content in a world of seemingly limitless media choice.
This vision of public service media is framed by a larger understanding of social innovation in the 21t century. At the time when public service broadcasters were first established, social innovation was largely understood as something that came from the centre. Governments identified national priorities, and set up institutions to realise them.
The development of the Internet draws attention to a second vision of social innovation, where it comes from the margin and it built incrementally rather than being the product of large-scale, conscious organizational design. Whatever were the original intentions in developing the Internet, it has proved to be a radically decentralized informational and communications system, where innovation arises from the ad hoc and unco-ordinated actions of myriad individuals whose activities become interconnected in the complex networked ecology to a whole that is exponentially greater than the sum of its parts.
The ABC and SBS can effectively harness both of these models of social innovation. To do so, however, we would ague that there should be a substantial opening up of both organizations to user-created content. By becoming more participatory public service media organisations, there is the scope to stimulate more public participation, creative output, diversity of sources and, ultimately, more public support for both the ABC and the SBS.
In the case of the ABC, its national network of local news and media production bureaus provides considerable scope to develop hyper-local media content that directly communicates with its communities, particularly in non-metropolitan Australia. While the ABC has user-created content initiatives such as Radio National’s “
Pool” project and ABC Online’s “
Unleashed” section, these continue to be add-ons to a service which continue to emphasise a transmission model of communication, where it is the in-house media professional who decide what their audiences should receive.
We continue to be a central role for journalists and media professionals at the ABC, but it should increasingly be one of working with their audiences to better enable them to become content creators in an ongoing way, rather than periodically providing outlets where users are permitted to contribute. What New York University
Professor Jay Rosen terms the ‘people formerly known as the audience’ are increasingly finding their own means of producing and distributing content. Th ABC can help to shape this activity in ways that generate greater quality, reach wider audiences, and enable more significant conversations among Australians about matters of shared local, national and international importance.
For the SBS, user-created content has the potential to promote a new relationship to Australia’s diverse ethnic, language and cultural communities. In news and current affairs in particular, SBS has been a leader in provision of international news and information, but this has largely been done off the backs of the big global news agencies. Material sourced and distributed through the Internet among different communities could provide new windows on world events, with SBS acting as a ‘meta-news-aggregator’, developing an informal network of specialist ‘reporters’ around particular topic areas and international events.
The ABC and SBS have long demonstrated their capacity to be social innovators in the provision of news, information and entertainment content to Australians. As public service media organizations, they are uniquely placed to enable new usr-created content opportunities in the online media space while also managing such content sourcing strategies with their policy, legal and Charter obligations. In doing so, they would not only play a pivotal role in international debates about the future of media and journalism in an environment where media consumers are participants and content co-creators, but also enhance the awareness of Australians of what is possible in the new media environment by drawing upon and renewing their sources of credibility and reputation in the community.
